Which option best describes "engineering controls" in the context of ORM?

Engineering controls in the context of Operational Risk Management (ORM) refer specifically to physical changes made to the workplace or equipment that serve to eliminate or reduce hazards. This concept emphasizes the idea that by modifying the environment or the tools used, risks associated with potential hazards can be minimized effectively.

For example, installing guardrails on elevated surfaces or redesigning machinery to include safety features are typical applications of engineering controls. These modifications aim to remove the hazard altogether or at least reduce the exposure of personnel to the associated risks.

In contrast, the other options present methods that do not directly involve physical alterations aimed at minimizing hazards. Virtual assessments and training programs may enhance awareness or preparedness but do not fundamentally change the risk environment in physical terms. Personal inspections can help identify potential hazards but do not modify the aspects of the environment affecting safety. Thus, the focus of engineering controls is on tangible changes that provide lasting risk mitigation.